Sage cells can be used for Python examples, but Sage uses a mild amount of pre-parsing, so that might not be a wise decision, especially in instructional settings. We might implement Skulpt or Brython (in-browser Python) or the Python language argument to the Sage Cell Server. To see examples of authoring Sage cells, have a look at Section 3.
In the meantime, program listings, especially with syntax highlighting, is useful all by itself. The “R” language might not be a bad stand-in for pseudo-code, as it supports assignment with a left arrow and has fairly generic procedural syntax for control structures and data structures. Or maybe Pascal would be a good choice? Here is an example of R. Note in the source that the entire block of code is wrapped in a CDATA section due to the four left angle brackets. We do not recommend this technique for isolated problem characters, but it is a life-saver for situations like the XSLT code just following.
n_loops <- 10
x.means <- numeric(n_loops) # create a vector of zeros for results
for (i in 1:n_loops){
x <- as.integer(runif(100, 1, 7)) # 1 to 6, uniformly
x.means[i] <- mean(x)
}
x.means
Matlab is a commercial language for mathematics, while Octave in an open source version. The @language values of matlab and octave are somewhat interchangeable. Following is a very slighlty edited version of an example from “50 Basic Examples for Matlab” 1
a = [0:0.5:5]; % A Matlab comment here
b = 2*a.^2 + 3*a -5;
c = 1.2*a.^2+4*a-3;
subplot(1,2,1)
plot(a,b,'-or','MarkerFaceColor','g','LineWidth',2)
xlabel('X'); ylabel('Y'); legend('Curve ','Location','NorthWest')
subplot(1,2,2)
plot(a,c,'--ok','MarkerFaceColor','c','LineWidth',2)
xlabel('X'); ylabel('Y'); legend('Curve 2','Location','NorthWest')
You can write made-up pseudo-code, but you might explain to a reader what your symbols all mean. This routine takes the \(m\times n\) marix \(A\) to reduced row-echelon form. Note that with no language specified, there is no special formatting or use of color. Note in the source the use of escaped characters for the three less-than symbols.
input m, n and A
r := 0
for j := 1 to n
i := r+1
while i <= m and A[i,j] == 0
i := i+1
if i < m+1
r := r+1
swap rows i and r of A (row op 1)
scale A[r,j] to a leading 1 (row op 2)
for k := 1 to m, k <> r
make A[k,j] zero (row op 3, employing row r)
output r and A
Look in the pretext-common.xsl file to see the strings to use to identify languages. Always all-lowercase, no symbols, no punctuation.
Note that the above examples all have slightly different widths (theser are very evident in print with the frames). As 2-D atomic objects, to place them in the narrative requires the layout features of a sidebyside element. Then width and/or margin attributes will influence the width of the panel.
A program may also be nested inside a listing, which behaves similar to a figure. You can provide a caption, and the listing will be numbered along with tables and figures. This then makes it possible to cross-reference the listing, such as Listing 23.1. It also removes the requirement of wrapping the program in a sidebyside. For technical reasons, the three examples above will not split across a page break in PDF output, but the placement inside a listing will allow splits, as you should see in at least one example following.
import javax.swing.JFrame; //Importing class JFrame
import javax.swing.JLabel; //Importing class JLabel
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame(); //Creating frame
frame.setTitle("Hi!"); //Setting title frame
frame.add(new JLabel("Hello, world!"));//Adding text to frame
frame.pack(); //Setting size to smallest
frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); //Centering frame
frame.setVisible(true); //Showing frame
}
}
Listing23.2.A static Java program with line numbers
import javax.swing.JFrame; //Importing class JFrame
import javax.swing.JLabel; //Importing class JLabel
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame(); //Creating frame
frame.setTitle("Hi!"); //Setting title frame
frame.add(new JLabel("Hello, world!"));//Adding text to frame
frame.pack(); //Setting size to smallest
frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); //Centering frame
frame.setVisible(true); //Showing frame
}
}
Listing23.3.A static Java program with line numbers
If you are discussing algorithms in the abstract (or even concretely), you can set them off like a theorem, with a number, a title and a target for cross-references. Sometimes you claim an algorithm produces something in particular, or has certain properties, such as a theoretical run time, so a proof may be included. See the discussion just preceding about (limited) options for pseudo-code.
On input of a positive integer n this algorithm will compute all the prime numbers up to, and including, n. It was named for Eratosthenes of Cyrene (ca. 276 BC–ca. 195/194 BC) by Nicomachus (ca. 60–ca. 120 CE) in Introduction to Arithmetic. ( Wikipedia 2
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
, 2015)
Input: n
Form the list of all integers from 2 to n
Set p = 2
While p < sqrt(n)
If present, remove from the list multiples 2p, 3p, ...
If p is now the last element of the list, stop
Otherwise, set p to the element of the list immediately after current p
Any element removed is a non-trivial product of two integers and hence composite. So no prime is is ever removed from the list.
Each composite number is a multiple of some prime, and since no prime is ever removed, each composite will be removed. Hence the removed elements are precisely the set of composite numbers in the list and thus the remainder are precisely the primes on the list.
If you are writing about system-level software, you may need to write numbers in hexadecimal or binary. Here we use a numbered, displayed equation (mathematics) and LaTeX macros such as \texttt for a monospace text font, and \; for spacing/grouping the bits of the binary number.
If you use these constructions repeatedly, then some LaTeX macros might be useful. It might also be beneficial for us to add some PreTeXt markup for such numbers used in a paragraph—send us a feature request.
This is a proof that is authored “detached.” It is not associated with the theorem above in a way other than simply following it.
A specialized version of a program listing is an interactive command/response session at a command-line, where differing fonts are used to differentiate the system prompt, the user’s commands, and the system’s reaction. A console session may be used by itself inside a sidebyside, or it can be wrapped in a listing to get a number and a caption. As elsewhere, you will need to escape ampersands and angle brackets (such as if you have a command using redirection), using &, <, and > in your source.
pi@raspberrypi ~/progs/chap02 $ gcc -Wall -o intAndFloat intAndFloat.c
pi@raspberrypi ~/progs/chap02 $ ./intAndFloat
The integer is 19088743 and the float is 19088.742188
pi@raspberrypi ~/progs/chap02 $
Listing23.6.Console Session: int and float
Here is the plain version, some layout control. We simply place a small margin on the left (at 4% width).
pi@raspberrypi ~/progs/chap02 $ gcc -Wall -o intAndFloat intAndFloat.c
pi@raspberrypi ~/progs/chap02 $ ./intAndFloat
The integer is 19088743 and the float is 19088.742188
pi@raspberrypi ~/progs/chap02 $
If your console input exceeds more than one line, you can author it across several lines and your choice of line breaks will be reflected in the rendering. You can decide to indent lines after the first one for clarity, if desired. You can also decide if your audience needs line-continuation characters or not.
pi@raspberrypi ~/progs/chap02 $ gcc -Wall
-o intAndFloat intAndFloat.c
pi@raspberrypi ~/progs/chap02 $ ./intAndFloat
The integer is 19088743 and the float is 19088.742188
pi@raspberrypi ~/progs/chap02 $
Listing23.7.Console Session: int and float (multi-line input)
Notice in the HTML version of the above example that when you highlight all, or a portion, of the listing for a cut-and-paste that the prompts are not included.
The next listing is just absurdity, to check various characters from LaTeX that are otherwise employed by the code supporting consoles, and some Latin-1 characters. We test each in a prompt, input, and output. We use (* and *) as sequences used to escape embedded LaTeX commands, so we test those also.
A backslash \ here A backslash \ here
A backslash \ here
A begin group { here A begin group { here
A begin group { here
An end group { here An end group } here
An end group } here
An open escape sequence (* here An open escape sequence (* here
An open escape sequence (* here
An end escape sequence *) here An end escape sequence *) here
An end escape sequence *) here
Some quotation marks ` ' " here Some quotation marks ` ' " here
Some quotation marks ` ' " here
The rest & % $ # _ ~ ^ of LaTeX The rest & % $ # _ ~ ^ of LaTeX
The rest & % $ # _ ~ ^ of LaTeX
Latin-1: ÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞß Latin-1: ÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞß
Latin-1: ÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞß
We conclude this section with a longer example of a program listing, an assembly language program from Bob Plantz, included to test a listing breaking across pages in PDF output.
